Updated: November 5, 2024
By Kurt Vollmer , and Ben Beale
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FS-2023-0653  |  June 2023

Keys to Identifying Palmer Amaranth and Waterhemp

Introduction

Hairless stems of mature Palmer amaranth (a) vs hairy stems of smooth pigweed (b).
Figure 1. Hairless stems of mature Palmer amaranth (a) vs hairy stems of smooth pigweed (b). Photo credit: Ben Beale, University of Maryland.

Palmer amaranth and waterhemp are two members of the pigweed family that are listed as noxious weeds by the Code of Maryland Regulations (15.06.05.03). Their status as noxious weeds requires Maryland landowners to manage these species on all types of land. These two species are resistant to multiple herbicide groups, and are well adapted to conditions in the Mid-Atlantic area. Once established in agronomic and vegetable fields they can be very difficult to control. Therefore, early identification is especially important. Three other pigweed species that are commonly found in Maryland – spiny amaranth, smooth pigweed, and redroot pigweed – are similar in appearance to Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. These species also pose problems in agronomic and vegetable crops, but their control is not mandatory. Being able to accurately identify these five species will help landowners with their management efforts.

Identification

The following botanical characteristics will help differentiate the five species listed above in the field:

Stems

Look for the presence of small hairs on the stem of the plant you need to identify. The stems of Palmer amaranth, waterhemp, and spiny amaranth do not have hairs (Figure 1). Smooth pigweed and redroot pigweed have visible hairs even when the plants are about two inches tall (Figure 2).

Young Palmer amaranth (a) and smooth pigweed (b)
Figure 2. Young Palmer amaranth (a) and smooth pigweed (b). Note the presence of stem hairs on smooth pigweed. Photo credit: Mark VanGessel, University of Delaware.
Leaves of Palmer amaranth waterhemp and smooth pigweed (a). Palmer amaranth petioles are often as long as or longer than the leaf itself (b)
Figure 3. Leaves of Palmer amaranth waterhemp and smooth pigweed (a). Palmer amaranth petioles are often as long as or longer than the leaf itself (b). Photo credit: Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.

Leaves

Compare the length of the leaf petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem) to the length of the leaf blade. Mature leaves of Palmer amaranth will have longer petioles than their respective leaf blades when compared to those of other pigweed species (Figure 3). When folded over, the petiole of mature Palmer amaranth leaves will be as long as or longer than the leaf blade itself. Note: longer petioles can also be a feature of spiny amaranth; be sure to look for spiny amaranth’s distinctive (0.2-0.4 in.) spine at the base of the leaf (Figure 4).

Spines at the base of the stems on spiny amaranth.
Figure 4. Spines at the base of the stems on spiny amaranth. Photo credit: John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org.
Leaves of Palmer amaranth (a), smooth pigweed (b), and waterhemp (c).
Figure 5. Leaves of Palmer amaranth (a), smooth pigweed (b), and waterhemp (c). Photo credit: Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.

These species are also be differentiated by their leaf shape. Compared to other pigweed species, waterhemp leaves are long and linear (Figure 5). Palmer and spiny amaranth leaves are typically egg- to diamond-shaped, and redroot and smooth pigweed leaves are oval- to egg-shaped. Redroot and smooth pigweed leaves will also have wavy edges (Figure 6). Palmer amaranth leaves have no hairs on them, but the presence of a single hair in the notch of the leaf tip of some Palmer amaranth plants may be used to help differentiate this species from waterhemp (Figure 7). Note: a V-shaped watermark is often found on Palmer amaranth leaves, but this feature can also be present occasionally on redroot pigweed and spiny amaranth (Figure 8).

The leaves of smooth pigweed (a) typically have a wavy appearance compared to Palmer amaranth (b) and waterhemp (c).
Figure 6. The leaves of smooth pigweed (a) typically have a wavy appearance compared to Palmer amaranth (b) and waterhemp (c). Photo credit: Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.
Palmer amaranth with a single hair in the notch of the leaf tip.
Figure 7. Palmer amaranth with a single hair in the notch of the leaf tip. Photo credit: Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.
Watermarks on leaves of Palmer amaranth (a), redroot pigweed (b), and spiny amaranth (c).
Figure 8. Watermarks on leaves of Palmer amaranth (a), redroot pigweed (b), and spiny amaranth (c). Photo credit: Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.

Flowers

Terminal flower spikes of Palmer amaranth (a) are typically longer than those of other pigweed species, such as redroot pigweed (b).
Figure 9. Terminal flower spikes of Palmer amaranth (a) are typically longer than those of other pigweed species, such as redroot pigweed (b). Photo credit: Ben Beale and Kurt Vollmer, University of Maryland.

Palmer amaranth plants produce the longest flower spikes among these five pigweed species (2 to 3 ft.; see Figure 9). Palmer amaranth and waterhemp have separate male and female plants. Male plants only produce pollen and female plants only produce seed. The seed-producing female flowers of Palmer amaranth are tightly clustered and contain sharp bracts (0.12-0.24 in.) at the base of the flowers located in the leaf axils, whereas male flowers can appear yellow, are soft, and will release pollen when touched. Female waterhemp flowers do not have sharp bracts and are less tightly clustered than that of Palmer amaranth. In contrast, spiny amaranth, smooth pigweed, and redroot pigweed contain both male and female flowers of on the same plant. Male spiny amaranth flowers can be found at the terminal spike, and female flowers are located on the stem axils. Male and female flowers of both redroot and smooth pigweed are produced in the terminal flower spikes. The flower spikes of redroot pigweed will have a short, stubby appearance, whereas smooth pigweed flower spikes are more slender and less compact.

Management of Palmer Amaranth and Waterhemp

Proper identification is important for planning an effective herbicide program. In the Mid-Atlantic region, researchers have documented populations of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp that are already resistant to glyphosate (Group 9) and ALS-inhibiting herbicides (Group 2); however, resistance to at least six other herbicide groups has been confirmed in other populations throughout the United States (Heap 2023). As a result, managers should implement plans to prevent these species from developing resistance to additional herbicides. Important keys for managing Palmer amaranth and waterhemp include:

  1. Starting clean with tillage or a good preplant herbicide program;
  2. Applying residual (preemergence) herbicides with multiple, effective modes-of-action at planting. Residual herbicides that effectively control smooth, redroot, and spiny amaranth will also control Palmer amaranth and waterhemp;
  3. Applying effective postemergence herbicides before the plants are 3 to 4 inches tall; and include an additional residual herbicide to extend control until crop canopy closure;
  4. Scouting often for potential escapes after each herbicide application; and
  5. Being mindful that Palmer amaranth and waterhemp are often introduced and moved on farm equipment such as combines and balers. Use harvest weed seed control tactics to avoid spreading seed. For small to moderate infestations, harvest a field’s clean areas first. Follow this by harvesting the infested areas, and then clean the combine thoroughly, before moving to other non-infested fields. If a field is heavily infested with Palmer amaranth or waterhemp, consider whether or not the crop will provide sufficient yield to offset costs.

For more information on additional ways to manage these weeds, consult the resources found on the GROW (Getting Rid Of Weeds) website and search for “Palmer amaranth” or “waterhemp.”

Summary

Certain pigweeds such as Palmer amaranth and waterhemp must be managed to prevent their spread and the resulting negative impacts on Maryland agriculture. Many pigweed species can appear similar to the untrained eye. Becoming familiar with these species allows for earlier detection, and as a result, improved management practices.

Reference

  • Heap, I. The international Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. http://www. weedscience.org. Accessed May 4, 2023.

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